Enthalpy
Density
Positive pressure
Absolute pressure
Boiling temperature
Water
Saturated steam
Evaporation
p [barg]
p [bara]
t [°C]
h' [kJ/kgK]
h'' [kJ/kgK]
r [kJ/kgK]
ρ' [kg/m³]
ρ'' [kg/m³]
– 0.9
0.1
45.8
191.8
2,583.9
2,392.1
989.8
0.0682
– 0.8
0.2
60.1
251.4
2,608.9
2,357.5
983.1
0.1308
– 0.7
0.3
69.1
289.2
2,624.6
2,335.3
978.3
0.1913
– 0.6
0.4
75.9
317.6
2,636.1
2,318.5
974.3
0.2504
– 0.5
0.5
81.3
340.5
2,645.2
2,304.7
971.0
0.3086
– 0.4
0.6
85.9
359.8
2,652.9
2,293.0
968.0
0.3661
– 0.3
0.7
89.9
376.7
2,659.4
2,282.7
965.4
0.4229
– 0.2
0.8
93.5
391.6
2,665.2
2,273.5
962.9
0.4791
– 0.1
0.9
96.7
405.1
2,670.3
2,265.2
960.7
0.5349
0.0
1.0
99.6
417.4
2,674.9
2,257.5
958.6
0.5903
1.1
102.3
428.8
2,679.2
2,250.4
956.7
0.6453
1.2
104.8
439.3
2,683.1
2,243.8
954.9
0.7001
1.3
107.1
449.1
2,686.6
2,237.5
953.1
0.7545
1.4
109.3
458.4
2,690.0
2,231.6
951.5
0.8086
1.5
111.4
467.1
2,693.1
2,226.0
949.9
0.8625
1.6
113.3
475.3
2,696.0
2,220.7
948.4
0.9162
1.7
115.1
483.2
2,698.8
2,215.6
947.0
0.9697
1.8
116.9
490.7
2,701.4
2,210.7
945.6
1.0230
1.9
118.6
497.8
2,703.9
2,206.1
944.2
1.0761
2.0
120.2
504.7
2,706.2
2,201.6
942.9
1.1290
2.5
127.4
535.4
2,716.5
2,181.2
937.0
1.3914
3.0
133.5
561.5
2,724.9
2,163.4
931.8
1.6507
3.5
138.9
584.3
2,732.0
2,147.7
927.1
1.9077
4.0
143.6
604.7
2,738.1
2,133.3
922.9
2.1627
4.5
147.9
623.2
2,743.4
2,120.2
919.0
2.4160
5.0
151.8
640.2
2,748.1
2,107.9
915.3
2.6681
5.5
155.5
655.9
2,752.3
2,096.5
911.8
2.9189
6.0
158.8
670.5
2,756.1
2,085.6
908.6
3.1688
7.0
165.0
697.1
2,762.7
2,065.6
902.6
3.6662
8.0
170.4
721.0
2,768.3
2,047.3
897.0
4.1610
9.0
175.4
742.7
2,773.0
2,030.3
891.9
4.6539
10.0
179.9
762.7
2,777.1
2,014.4
887.1
5,1454
11.0
184.1
781.2
2,780.7
1,999.5
882.6
5.6358
12.0
188.0
798.5
2,783.8
1,985.3
878.3
6.1256
13.0
191.6
814.8
2,786.5
1,971.7
874.3
6.6149
14.0
195.0
830.1
2,788.9
1,958.8
870.4
7.1039
15.0
198.3
844.7
2,791.0
1,946.3
866.6
7.5929
16.0
201.4
858.6
2,792.9
1,934.3
863.1
8.0820
17.0
204.3
871.9
2,794.5
1,922.6
859.6
8.5713
18.0
207.1
884.6
2,796.0
1,911.4
856.2
9.0611
19.0
209.8
896.8
2,797.3
1,900.4
853.0
9.5513
19,0
20,0
212,4
908,6
2,798,4
1,889,8
849,8
10,0421
21,0
214,9
920,0
2,799,4
1,879,4
846,7
10,5336
22,0
217,3
931,0
2,800,2
1,869,2
843,7
11,0259
23,0
219,6
941,6
2,800,9
1,859,3
840,8
11,5191
24,0
221,8
952,0
2,801,5
1,849,6
837,9
12,0132
24.0
25.0
224.0
962.0
2,802.0
1,840.1
835.1
12.5082
26.0
226.1
971.7
2,802.5
1,830.7
832.4
13.0044
27.0
228.1
981.2
2,802.8
1,821.5
829.7
13.5016
28.0
230.1
990.5
2,803.0
1,812.5
827.0
14.0000
29.0
232.0
999.5
2,803.2
1,803.6
824.4
14.4997
30.0
233.9
1,008.4
2,803.3
1,794.9
821.9
15.0006
31.0
235.7
1,017.0
1,786.3
819.4
15.5028
32.0
237.5
1,025.5
1,777.8
816.9
16.0064
33.0
239.2
1,033.7
2,803.1
1,769.4
814.5
16.5115
34.0
240.9
1,041.8
1,761.1
812.1
17.0180
35.0
242.6
1,049.8
2,802.7
1,753.0
809.7
17.5260
Dynamic viscosity
Heat conductivity
Boiling point
t °C
ƞ' [μPas]
ƞ'' [μPas]
λ' [W/mK]
λ'' [W/mK]
587.5
10.49
0.6357
0.0199
465.9
10.94
0.6508
0.0211
408.9
11.23
0.6588
0.0219
373.5
11.45
0.6641
0.0225
348.6
11.64
0.6678
0.0230
329.7
11.79
0.6707
0.0234
314.7
11.93
0.6730
0.0238
302.3
12.05
0.6748
0.0241
291.9
12.16
0.6763
0.0245
282.9
12.26
0.6776
0.0248
275.1
12.35
0.6787
0.0250
268.2
12.43
0.6796
0.0253
262.0
12.51
0.6804
0.0255
256.4
12.59
0.6811
0.0258
12.66
0.6817
0.0260
246.8
12.73
0.6822
0.0262
242.5
12.79
0.6826
0.0264
238.6
12.85
0.6830
0.0266
235.0
12.91
0.6834
0.0268
231.6
12.96
0.6836
0.0270
217.5
13.21
0.6846
0.0278
206.8
13.42
0.6849
0.0286
13.61
0.0293
191.2
13.77
0.0299
185.2
13.92
0.6842
0.0305
180.1
14.05
0.0310
175.5
14.18
0.6829
0.0316
171.6
14.30
0.6821
0.0320
164.7
14.51
0.0330
159.1
14.70
0.6786
0.0338
154.3
14.87
0.6766
0.0346
150.2
15.02
0.6747
0.0354
146.6
15.17
0.6726
0.0361
143.4
15.30
0.6706
0.0368
140.5
15.43
0.6686
0.0375
137.9
15.54
0.6665
0.0381
135.5
15.66
0.6645
0.0388
133.3
15.76
0.6625
0.0394
131.3
15.86
0.6604
0.0400
129.5
15.96
0.6584
0.0405
127.7
16.05
0.6564
0.0411
212.4
126.1
16.14
0.6544
0.0416
20.0
214.9
124.6
16.23
0.6525
0.0422
21.0
217.3
123.1
16.31
0.6505
0.0427
22.0
219.6
121.8
16.40
0.6486
0.0432
23.0
221.8
120.5
16.47
0.6466
0.0438
119.3
16.55
0.6447
0.0443
118.1
16.62
0.6428
0.0448
117.0
16.70
0.6409
0.0453
115.9
16.77
0.6390
0.0457
114.9
16.84
0.6372
0.0462
114.0
16.90
0.6353
0.0467
113.0
16.97
0.6335
0.0472
112.1
17.03
0.6316
0.0476
111.3
17.10
0.6298
0.0481
110.4
17.16
0.6280
0.0486
109.6
17.22
0.6262
0.0490
Physical characteristics for water and steam according to IAPWS IF-971) 1) Source: (2008). IAPWS Industrial Formulation 1997 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam. In: International Steam Tables. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Equation for calculating the mass fraction of expansion steam
Example calculation for determining the mass fraction of expansion steam
x
Mass fraction of expansion steam [%]
h
Enthalpy [kJ/kg]
h'
Enthalpy of the boiling water [kJ/kg]
h''
Enthalpy of the saturated steam [kJ/kg]
r
Evaporation enthalpy [kJ/kg]
Pressurebeforeexpansion
[barg]
Mediumtemperature
[°C]
[kJ/kg]
Pressurefollowingexpansion
Enthalpy,boilingwater
Enthalpy,saturatedsteam
Expansionsteamquantity
[%]
215.0
918.7
184.4
781.7
2,779.7
6.86
696.8
103.5
433.9
2,680.2
11.7
Expansion steam
Example: If the pressure is reduced from 20 to 10 bar, an expansion steam quantity of 6.86% is generated.
